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Transvaginal ultrasound and Color Doppler images of the uterus in this patient show: irregular and asymmetric, diffuse enlargement of the uterus, poorly defined myometrial- endometrial interface (poorly defined endometrium), inhomogenous myometrium, streaky acoustic shadowing posterior to the uterus and irregular inhomogenous increase in vascularity of the myometrium (see Color Doppler image of uterus on right). There is also a poorly defined hypoechoic mass in the posterior myometrium. These ultrasound findings are suggestive of adenomyosis of the uterus. Sometimes hypoechoic/ anechoic cystic areas may also be seen in the myometrium in this disease (not seen here). The main differential diagnosis in this case is fibroid of the uterus. However, fibroids are well defined, more or less homogenous masses and do not produce streaky (dirty) shadows. Also, on transvaginal sonography fibroids are usually non-tender on probe pressure. Fibroids also usually have a hypoechoic halo or margin due to compressed vessels. Adenomyosis never contains calcific areas. Ultrasound images are courtesy of Dr. Latha Natarajan, India. 

Reference: viewarticle/459772 (free article)

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Case-2: Adenomyosis:

This transabdominal ultrasound image shows a large (bulky) uterus with a diffusely infiltrative, inhomogenous appearance of the myometrium with dirty, streaky shadowing posteriorly. The uterus shows a globular shape with the endometrium almost obscured. These features are  typically seen in adenomyosis. However, both fibroids/ leiomyoma of the uterus can simultaneously be present with diffuse adenomyosis as in this case. Ultrasound image courtesy of Vikas Shukla, MD, India.

Case-3: Adenomyosis:

   

This young lady has a history of severe pain during menses. Transvaginal ultrasound imaging shows a simple cyst of the left ovary. The uterus appears bulky with thickened endometrium (12 to 14 mm.). In addition, there is a hyperechoic, inhomogenous lesion posterior to the endometrium and compressing upon it. This lesion also shows some cystic areas within it. Cystic lesions are also present in the endometrium. Myometrial cysts and cystic lesions are characteristic of adenomyosis of the uterus. The hyperechoic myometrial areas are caused by the migration of endometrial tissue into the myometrium. The hypoechoic areas within the adenomyotic lesions are the result of hyperplasia of the myometrial smooth muscle around the ectopic endometrial tissue. The actual measure of the adenomyosis being hypoechoic or hyperechoic depends on the ratio of smooth muscle hyperplasia (hypoechoic) to the endometrial tissue (hyperechoic) within the lesion in the myometrium.

  

  

The above color Doppler and Power Doppler images further confirm the highly vascular nature of the lesion. These ultrasound appearances are diagnostic of adenomyosis of the uterus. The left ovarian cyst was just an incidental finding, but not the cause of dysmenorrhea.

Color Doppler videos of this case are at:

2011/03/adenomyosis-of-uterus.html

content/19/suppl_1/S147.full

content/179/2/379.full

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12) Asherman's syndrome: Uterine synechiae:

  

This young adult female patient underwent D &C (dilatation and curettage) some time ago. Presently, she presented with abdominal pain. The sagittal ultrasound images of the uterus show small amount of fluid inside the endometrial cavity with adhesions between the anterior and posterior walls of the cavity (arrowheads). These ultrasound findings are diagnostic of Asherman's syndrome or uterine synechia/ adhesions. Synechiae of the uterus are typically seen following a D & C of the uterus. The cause is possibly adhesions or scarring within the walls of the raw surfaces of the uterine cavity. This condition is usually treated by surgical intervention, using a procedure called adhesiolysis during hysteroscopy. Untreated, this condition can result in infertility and amenorrhea. Ultrasound images are courtesy of Dr. Vikas Shukla, MD, India.

Reference: /Asherman%27s_syndrome

issues/octdec05/article/article13.html 

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13) Pedunculated polyp of the cervix:

Transabdominal ultrasound scan in this middle aged lady showed a bulky uterus with a small hypoechoic lesion in the anterior wall of the fundus. Possibly, this is a cases of adenomyosis of the uterus. But, this alone did not appear to explain the cause of her symptoms. Transvaginal ultrasound images revealed a cervical pathology. See grey scale images below:

  

Transvaginal ultrasound images of the cervix (sagittal) show a 6 x 15 mm. long, echogenic mass in the endocervical canal. The diagnostic possibilities here appear to be prolapsed endometrial polyp (descending from the uterine cavity above) or a small endocervical fibroid. However, there appeared to be no extension of the mass upwards, with its boundaries, well within the endocervix. Transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound images in both sagittal and transverse sections revealed:

   

Clearly this is a very vascular fleshy mass within the endocervix, the most probable diagnosis being a cervica, pedunculated polyp. Here are a couple more Power doppler and Spectral Doppler trace images:

  

There is pulsatile flow within the vessels in the cervical canal, further confirming the highly vascular nature of the mass. Final diagnosis - pedunculated polyp of the cervix.

Reference: doi/10.1002/uog.1992/pdf (free article and images).

For a color Doppler ultrasound video demonstration of this case see:

2010/11/pedunculated-cervical-polyp-ultrasound.html

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14) Pedunculated fibroid of the cervix:

  

This lady has a large mass in the endocervical canal (measuring 5.3 x 5.8 cms.). The mass is solid and inhomogenous, well outlined by fluid surrounding the tumor. This mass is well defined in outline with a short peduncle (stalk) connecting it to the endocervix. These ultrasound images suggest pedunculated fibroid of the cervix. The large size differentiates this mass from a polyp of the cervix (see case 13 above). Ultrasound images are courtesy of Dr. Vikas Shukla, MD, India.

References: article/405676-overview 

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15) Nabothian cysts of the cervix:

Ultrasound image- sagittal section uterus:                      Cervix - multiple Nabothian cysts seen:

     

Cervix- transvaginal ultrasound image:                         Transvaginal Power Doppler image endometrium:

  

This 42 year old patient presented with irregular menses and lower abdominal pain. Transvaginal ultrasound shows thickened endometrium, with multiple cystic lesions of the cervix- the largest cyst being 15 mm. in size. Dystrophic calcification is present in one of the cysts in the cervix. The commonest cause of cystic lesions in the cervix is Nabothian follicles or Nabothian cysts. Usually these cysts are 3 to 5 mm. in diameter. In this the Nabothian cysts measure up to 15 mm. in size. Nabothian follicles are also called mucinous retention cysts and are the result of obstruction of the mucous glands of the endocervix resulting in accumulation of mucous within the glands. Unless they are large or multiple or infected they are usually asymptomatic and do not require surgical or medical treatment.

References: content/25/1/3.full (free article and images)

                  /Nabothian_cyst

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